It covers in detail all physical properties relevant to natural and synthetic textile fibers. A page foundation chapter provides a thorough introduction to fiber structure, followed by separate chapters on each of 25 physical properties.
Each of these chapters provides a detailed examination of basis in theory, practical considerations in applications, experimental techniques and findings.
Two chapters added to this third edition cover high performance fibers, and flex fatigue and other forms of failure The page text is illustrated by more than photographs, micrographs, diagrams and other schematics. The text is supplemented by more than tables and graphs providing properties and performance data in convenient form. Forensic textile science is a relatively young discipline; fiber identification is the most established component of this discipline.
Textile products of interest to the forensic scientist include individual fibers, yarns, fabrics, apparel household textiles and furnishings and are hierarchical structures; In this Fibers, Yarns, And Textiles Introduction Book, the students' initial interest will be when they discover the natural fascination of fabrics, yarns, And textiles and their cultural associations, particularly when the factual study is supplemented by actual handling of the textile materials.
The subject will seem worthwhile as they become familiar with illustrative specimens and fabrics and begin to handle and learn to compare the raw materials of which fabrics are made as well as the finished consumers' goods. Author : H. Author : J. Author : Marjory L. Author : Roger H. Author : Evelyn E. Author : Ruby Wolfgang,William G.
Author : A Author : John E. Author : William T. Author : T. Author : Bernard P. Other cellulose-based fibres are Lyocell, Modal, Acetate and Triacetate. Less common natural polymer fibres are made from rubber, alginic acid and regenerated protein. Synthetic Polymer Fibers : There are very many synthetic fibres i.
The most common are polyester, polyamide often called nylon , acrylic and modacrylic, polypropylene, the segmented polyurethanes which are elastic fibres known as elastanes or spandex in the USA , and speciality high-tenacity fibres such as the high performance aramids and UHMwPE Ultra High Molecular weight PolyEthylene.
These fibres are very often used to reinforce plastics to form composites. Difference between Natural Fiber and Manmade Fiber:. The fibers which we get from nature re called natural fiber. The fibers which are developed by man re called man made fiber. No question about short or long staple fiber.
It depends on man will. Spinneret is essential for filament production. The fabric made from natural fiber is comfortable and good for health. Man made fiber is not comfortable and not good for health. Natural fiber is not favorable for finishing. Manmade fibers are favorable for finishing. Comparatively less durable than synthetic fiber. Manmade fibers are more durable than natural fiber. Fineness varies from one fiber to another fiber.
Natural fiber has a great demand as humans wear. Synthetic fiber is widely used in every day life except humans wear. Natural fiber is called environment friendly. Manmade fibers are not environment friendly. Some fibers are harmful for the environment like: Polypropylene. Natural fibers needs to scouring and bleaching process before wet processing.
Scouring and bleaching is done in very few cases. It is not possible to change in fiber structure. History Of Textile Fibre :. Natural fibers have traditionally been used in all cultures of the world to meet basic requirements of clothing, storage, building material, and for items of daily use such as ropes and fishing nets.
People in olden times used various kinds of natural fibers depending on their local availability. The first composite material in history was apparently made with clay and straw in Egypt years ago to build walls.
Hemp was cultivated in China in BC and is considered one of the oldest natural fibers to be taken in use for making products along with linen. Hemp in Greek and Latin terminology was cannabis that led to the word canvas as hemp was used for making sails of boats. Flax or fine linen was used for burial shrouds of Egyptian pharaohs. Similarly nettle was used for making fishing nets in olden times. India is rich in plant resources and the use of a variety of natural fibers such as banana, pineapple, sisal, hemp, coconut, palm, grasses etc was widely prevalent in olden times.
Their use became limited once cotton acquired the prime status in plant fibers. In cotton production, organic cotton accounts for a very small percentage of total cotton production. The fibre is used alone and in blends with other fibres. Very fine silk filaments are used in eye surgery.
Flax comes from the stem or stalks of the flax plant and is harvested by pulling the entire plant from the ground. When the fibre is processed into fabric, it is called linen. Flax is the fibre name; linen is the fabric name. Worlds oldest textile fiber Cellulosic fiber from stem of flax plant The largest producer is France, with most of the other leading producers including Germany, Belgium and Russia. Flax is also 10 percent stronger when wet. Its hand is good and the fibre has good luster.
It is more hydrophilic than cotton 12 percent moisture regains , absorbs moisture quickly, and also dries quickly. These properties make it good fibre for hot weather wear because quick drying has a cooling effect. Flax is completely washable and dry cleanable. Some times, however, dry cleaning is mandated due to finishes applied to the fabric or the construction of the product.
Flax has only fair resistance to abrasion, making it less durable than cotton. It has poor drape, elasticity, and resiliency It is vulnerable to mildew and silverfish.
End uses of Flax. The principal end uses of flax include dresses, suits, sports jackets, luxury table cloths, napkins, and wall papers. Wool is the fibre that forms the covering of the sheep. It is a protein fibre. Approximately 40 different breeds of sheep produce about types of wool fibre of varying grades.
Examples of well known breeds of sheep raised in the United States are Merino Wool. Leading producer of carpet-class wool include China, Argentina and. The fibres has good resiliency. Wrinkles come out if the garment is hung in a moist atmosphere.
Its hand is fair to excellent, depending on the quality of the wool fibre. Wool has good drape and elasticity and is hydrophilic. Wool has very little problem with. It loses strength when wet. It has poor luster. Though recent innovations promote easy traditionally wool garments must be dry-cleaned. Wool is vulnerable to moths, but can be moth proofed.
Wool has the problems with pilling. It turns yellow if washed with chlorine bleach. It is also weakened and made harsher by alkalis, such as those found in strong soaps. However, wool is highly resistant to acids. The principal end uses of wool include overcoats, suits, sweaters, carpets, luxury upholstery, and felt fabric. The first commercial production of rayon fibre in the United States was in by the American Viscose Company.
It was the first manufactured fibre. Because it is largely cellulose in content, it greatly resembles cotton in its chemical properties. Two basic types of rayon were developed: Viscose rayon and Cuprammonium Rayon. Cuprammonium Rayon, called cupro and viscose rayon have nearly identical physical and chemical properties. A sample of rayon fromAnother skirt with a skirt, photographeddifferent texture with a macro lens aA blouse with a texture similar to the second.
Viscose rayon is a medium-weight fibre with fair to good strength and abrasion resistance. It is hydrophilic 11 moisture regain. The fibre is washable under proper care conditions and is dry cleanable.
There are no static or pilling problems, and it is also inexpensive. It recovers strength back when dry. Rayon has very poor elasticity and resiliency. The end uses of rayon include a wide range of products in the apparel, interior furnishings, and industrial areas for example dresses, shirts, lingerie, jackets, draperies, medical products, non woven fabrics, hygiene products.
The first commercial production of polyester fibre in the United States was in by E. It is the most used manufactured fibre across the world. Polyester is a manufactured fibre in which the fibre forming substance is any long chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 percent by weight of an ester of a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, including but no limited to, substituted terephthalate units and Para substituted hydroxy-benzoate units.
Polyester is a medium weight fibre with very good strength and abrasion resistance It can be washed and dry cleaned. The fibre has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fibre. It also posses good elasticity. Polyester is almost completely hydrophobic 0.
The end uses include a wide range of products in the apparel, interior furnishings, and industrial areas. Suits, skirts, career apparel, performance fabrics, curtains, carpeting, sails, tire cord, fibre-fill used to stuff the pillows and comforter threads are some of the examples of this usage.
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic polymers known generically as polyamides, first produced on February 28, by Wallace Carothers at DuPont's research facility at the DuPont Experimental Station.
Nylon is one of the most commonly used polymers. Nylon is the manufactured fibre in which the fibre forming substance is a long chain synthetic polyamide in which fewer than 85 percent of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings.
The fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface. Nylon is a lightweight material with excellent strength and abrasion resistance. It is about 10 percent weaker in wet condition. It has very good elasticity, good resiliency, and good drape. It can be washed and dry cleaned. Nylon is hydrophobic fibre 4 percent moisture regain. Static and pilling are the problems. It has poor resistance to prolonged and continuous exposure to sunlight; this usually making this fibre unsatisfactory for use in draperies or outdoor furniture unless modified to improve its resistance.
The end uses of nylon include a wide range of products in apparel, interior furnishings, and industrial areas for example, lingerie, swimwear, exercise wear, hosiery, jackets, bedspreads, carpets, upholstery, tents, fishnets, sleeping bags, rope, parachutes and luggage.
The identification of the textile fibres can be carried out basically by means of the following tests. The feeling test requires perception if it is to be of any value. Skilled perception is acquired only after handling many different fabrics over a period of time. Limitations of this test become apparent when examining and comparing fabrics of different fiber content. To recognize the composition of fabrics by the burning test, the sample of fibre, yarn of fabric should be moved slowly towards a small flame and the reaction to heat carefully observed.
One end of the sample should be put directly into flame to determine its burning rate and characteristics. Identification of Fibres through Burning test When ignited it burns with a steady flame and smells like burning Cotton Linen Silk.
The ash left is easily crumbled.
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